Basic Computer Fundamentals

Introduction A  computer  is an electronic machine, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results for future use. Computers process data to create information. Data  is a collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures, and symbols. Information  is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful. To process data into information, a computer uses hardware and software. Hardware  is the electric, electronic, and mechanical equipment that makes up a computer.Software  is the series of instructions that tells the hardware how to perform tasks. Characteristics of Computers 1> Automatic: Requires human intervention to start any task, solve problem but once initiated, it continues the job until its completed. 2> Speed: in terms of microseconds (10 power -6), nanoseconds(10 power -9), and even picoseconds (10 power -12). A powerful computer is capable of performing several billions simple arithmetic operations per second. Limited by hardware and software resources. 3> Accuracy: garbage-in-garbage-out (GIGO).E. g. Human input error, programmer logic error. 4> Diligence: Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration. 5> Versatility: Can perform multiple tasks at same time. Limited by hardware and software resources. 6> Power of Remembering: As long as user desires, it can store any amount and type of information. Limited by hardware and software resources. No IQ: Cannot make decisions until instructed. Cannot learn on its own. No Feelings: No emotions, no taste, no knowledge. Instructions are required. 1. Evolution of Computers Necessity is the mother of invention then who is the father? – Curiosity, Vision, Idea 1642: Pascal invented first mechanical adding machine 1671: Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz first calculator for multiplication 1880: Keyboards & Herman Hollerith u sed punch cards as input devices 19th century: Charles Babbage, father of modern digital computer, Differential Engine, Analytical Engine 1. The Mark I Computer (1937-44) 2. The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42) 3. The ENIAC (1943-46) 4. The EDVAC (1946-52 5. The EDSAC (1947-49) . The UNIVAC I (1951) 1. 3 Computer Generations Overview of the major developments and technologies during the five generations of computers which include both hardware and software that together make up a computer system. 1. 3. 1 First Generation (1942-1955): – Used vacuum tubes(glass), performed calculations in milliseconds -Memory electromagnetic relays, Data & Instructions using Punch Card, Assembly Language Programming Characteristics: Bulky in size, thousands of vacuum tubes, constant maintenance, costly, all circuits were man-made. . g. ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC 1, and IBM 701 1. 3. 2 Second Generation (1955-1964): – Used transistor, Germanium semiconductor, magnetic disks and tapes, magnetic core memory – faster, small in size, low cost, consume less power – High level programming language like FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, SNOBOL 1. 3. 3 Third Generation (1964-1975): -Integrated Circuits(IC) consists of transistors, resistors, capacitors, SSI(Small Scale Integration), MSI – more fast, performed one million instructions per second -low space, more reliable, less power consumption e. . Mini computers & Mainframe computers 1. 3. 4 Fourth Generation (1975-1989): – personal computer, IC- LSI, VLSI – one million electronic components on a single chip. Semiconductor memories – less power, more fast, small in size – Magnetic tapes, floppy disks, LAN, WAN, GUI, MS-DOS, Windows, Macintosh 1. 3. 5 Fifth Generation (1989-Present): – VLSI & ULSI(Ultra Large Scale Integration) – Microprocessor chips: 10 millions electronic components Small, much faster, less power, portable, internet, www, email 1. 4 Block Diagram of C omputer 1. 4. 1 Input Unit: – Accept data & Instructions – Convert into digital form so that computer can accept and further processing can be done e. g. Mouse, Keyboard, Light Pen, Joystick, Scanner, Touch Screen 1. 4. 2 Storage Unit: The storage unit performs the following major functions: †¢ All data and instructions are stored here before and after processing. †¢ Intermediate results of processing are also stored here. > Primary Storage(Main Memory): – This memory is generally used to hold the program being currently executed in the computer, the data being received from the input unit, the intermediate and final results of the program. -Temporary in nature, i. e. volatile memory -fast and cost is high than secondary storage -e. g. Random Access Memory(RAM) 2> Secondary Storage/External Memory(Secondary Memory): – Long term/ permanent storage of data. -slow and cost is low than primary memory -e. g.Floppy Disk(FDD),Hard disk drive(HDD), Comp act Disk(CD), Digital Versatile/Video Disk, USB Drive, SDD 1. 4. 3 Memory size: -Digital Computer uses the Binary System i. e. 0's and 1's – Each character or a number is represented by an 8 bit code. -1 bit = either 0 or 1 – 4 bits= 1 nibble & 8 bits= 1 byte 1. 4. 4 Output Unit: – Any peripheral devices that converts the stored binary coded data into convenient external forms as texts, pictures, sound – e. g. Monitor, CD, Printer, Speaker, Head phones, plotter, projector 1. 4. 5 Arithmetic Logical Unit: All calculations(arithmetical +-x/ ), comparison(,=) and decisions – Whenever calculations are required, the control unit transfers the data from storage unit to ALU once the computations are done, the results are transferred to the storage unit by the control unit and then it is send to the output unit for displaying results. 1. 4. 6 Control Unit: -It controls all other units in the computer -The control unit instructs the input unit, where to sto re the data after receiving it from the user and how to output. It controls the flow of data and instructions:(fetching of instructions from main memory and subsequent execution of these instructions) 1. 4. 7 Central Processing Unit: The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central processing unit. You may call CPU as the brain of any computer system. – A PC may have CPU-IC such as Intel 8085, 8086, 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Celeron, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Quad Core and AMD etc. 1. 5 Summary:

The Hobbit

‘The Hobbit’ is a beautiful story written by J. R. R Tolkien, and is full of happy, emotional quotes and lovely characters. Tolkien gives detailed descriptions of his characters using humour and often captures his young readers’ attention with short poems. For example, he begins his story with the sentence ‘In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and continues it, which then becomes a legend! Tolkien has spun a fascinating tale with adventure involving dragons, magicians, hobbits, dwarves and skin-changers etc. The protagonist, Bilbo Baggins with his heroism, self-esteem, courage and quirks like stealing skills, is an adorable character. Although he is a figment of the author’s imagination, his kindness and poignant insights infuse him with qualities akin to the best of humans. The author had started this story as a way of entertaining his own grandchild, and true to this, the book adheres to a conversational style of story-telling. For example, he writes ‘The mother of our particular hobbit- what is a hobbit? and starts describing the hobbit before describing Belladonna Took, the hobbit’s mother. The poetic quotes throughout the course of the story also reveal the writer’s style, which tells it apart from other legends, for example – ‘Far over the misty mountains cold To dungeons deep and caverns old We must away, ere break of day, To find our long-forgotten gold’ The author’s use of foreshadowing makes the plot very interesting and keep the reader’s interest alive. For example, Thorin’s key and map are revealed to be an important part of the story towards the end. Readers love these unexpected turn of events and surprises in the story! Another example of foreshadowing is when Bilbo gets the power and courage to overcome hurdles and fear in the battle of the five armies, which he could only access after he got the ring. The author has used a novel way of capturing his young readers’ attention by introducing a chapter full of riddles between Gollum, the goblin and Bilbo, in the Misty Mountains. Using riddles, Tolkien has not only successfully heightened the interest of his readers, but also given glimpses of all aspects of the story! The interesting twists in the story and Bilbo’s good luck at narrowly escaping death or loss at crucial times in the story also have a gripping effect on the readers. Children love to see the arrival of Gandalf, the magician, when Bilbo is in need, as they also delight in his escape from the clutches of the goblins and the elves in barrels after he steals the ring, and his courage and skill in getting out of the giant spider’s trap. I also like the Greek term exemplified in Gandalf’s rescue in the Misty Mountains, which is ‘deux ex machina’, which means a God given man for help. Again, due to sheer luck, Bilbo is able to get away from the dragon’s lair. But a sad part of the story is the destruction of Laketown by Smaug, the dragon. The readers are relieved when Bard slays Smaug. Bilbo and his group get a further taste of adversity when the goblins and wargs, who have also heard about Smaug’s death, come looking for their share and cause the battle of the five armies. Thorin becomes a martyr for their group, while Bilbo is struck with a rock and loses consciousness. The author reveals Bilbo’s wise and compassionate side when Bilbo gives the Arkenstone to Bard in an attempt to stop conflict between Bard and Thorin before the battle. I liked the last part when Bilbo returns back with Gandalf and Beorn, who help their group win the battle of the five armies as well as many skirmishes in Mirkwood before that. The enjoyable part here is that Bilbo gets amused by seeing an auction going on at his place! I love the story and also its moral that we should not let our fears get in the way of what we want to do or be in life. The cheerful quotes and poems provide a lot of fun to the readers as well! The Hobbit This summer I read the book, â€Å"The Hobbit†, by J. R. R. Tolkien. It was a really interesting book with ups and downs just like any other. It was an adventure about a little hobbit named Bilbo who slowly discovers how brave and courageous he is. He is accompanied by 13 dwarves and occasionally a wizard named Gandalf. Together they face Goblins, Trolls, giant Spiders, Elves and even a dragon. There were things that I really enjoyed watching lay out and things that I felt brought the story line down. Throughout the book, I noticed that Gandalf had great confidence in Bilbo. I love the way that he knew Bilbo had potential and wouldn’t let anyone say differently. Bilbo was a weak and timid little hobbit who had no idea what the world was like and what dangers were ahead of him. Gandalf could see the adventurous heart in Bilbo when no one else could. He had chosen him to be the fourteenth member of the team and was not going to be moved by any creature. In the beginning of the book, Bilbo is flabbergasted when Gandalf tells him that he will give him what he asked for. â€Å"I beg your pardon, I haven’t asked for anything! † (Tolkien 7) He was so scared to think that he would have to go on such a perilous journey. He had never been past the safe comfort of his hobbit-hole and was not ready to cross that line. Gandalf somehow knew that deep down Bilbo was longing for adventure. â€Å"In fact I will go so far as to send you in this adventure,† (Tolkien 7) He had an incredible faith for him that showed up quite a few times. Even though Bilbo did mess up, he would still stand up for him â€Å"Let’s have no more argument. I have chosen Mr. Baggins and that ought to be enough for all of you† (Tolkien 19) â€Å"I brought him, and I don’t bring things that are of no use. †(Tolkien 85) Bilbo was extremely unsure of himself and didn’t know how he could be of help. Because of this, the dwarves assumed that he had no significance on their expedition and that he was even a weigh down. â€Å"You! You! You miserable hobbit! You undersized burglar! † (Tolkien 247) They would persistently put him down, but Gandalf always took little Bilbo’s side. It was so fun to see Bilbo become the courageous, sneaky and cunning conqueror that he really was inside. He thought that he would never be able to do the things that he did. Every now and then he would start to warm up to the idea of danger but then catch himself and hide once again. It took quite a while for him to see how brave he was, but he got it in the end. Sorry! I don’t want any adventures, thank you. † (Tolkien 7) Later he fights giant spiders and out-talks Gollum. He turns out to be the bravest one on the expedition! He was the most valuable person and they would not have completed their quest without him. One thing that I really didn’t like was when the dragon came along. The whole book they talked about how the dragon would be the most difficult to handle. When they finally get to the mountain, all the dwarves can think about is the dragon. They have to hide by the secret door and be totally silent so that they don’t wake it. Bilbo sneaks into the mountain to spy around. He finds the dragon and makes it so upset that it tries to destroy everything in its path. The dragon is the only thing holding them back. The thought of the battle they were going to have was exciting. They left you in the suspense of who was going to fight it and who would get hurt and still give everything. As the dragon is rampaging through Esgaroth, Bard shoots it with one arrow. The dragon falls dead. That’s it? I was definitely hoping for something more than that. I felt like they led up to it really well and then didn’t even have anything happen. The way that the characters spoke really reflected who they were. Gollum, for example, called himself â€Å"my precious† and never spoke to anyone but himself. It was almost like his trademark. Gandalf was ‘the wise one’. His word choice made him seem mysterious like an old wizard should be. â€Å"Do you wish me a good morning, or mean that it is a good morning whether I want it or not; or that you feel good this morning; or that it is a morning to be good on? † (Tolkien 5) On page 41, however, I feel like he ‘lost his cool’ when he yelled at Bilbo for asking an acceptable question. It seemed to make him less wise and more†¦ cranky. Bilbo of course talked of his hobbit-hole and how he wished for food and warmth. The dialogue of the character seemed as if it was their own. I think that they made Bilbo too old for the way he acts. He is always curious to know about things but so scared. He is never ‘just there’. Like a younger person, he is always alert and ready to see what is happening next. He is good at sneaking around and is very clever and active. T he book was very interesting, and I enjoyed reading it, but the speeds changed too much. You couldn’t feel the suspense as much because the same thing happened over and over, and they didn’t go on very long: they would get captured and then they would escape. It was all very creative but I would have liked to be able to get into the moments more. After they get their share of money and fight the Goblins, nothing happens. That should be extremely close to the last page of the book. The story line is over, which leads to the conclusion. When Bilbo and Gandalf go back to the Hills, it is excruciatingly laid out. The next whole chapter was on their slow journey back. The overall theme was that you can think that there is nothing to you, like Bilbo thought about himself, and think that you are small, weak, and afraid, but that is all in your head. When you set your mind to it, you can ‘get it done’, no matter how big or strong you are. â€Å"This is a story of how a Baggins had an adventure, and found himself doing and saying things altogether unexpected,† (Tolkien 4) â€Å"He suddenly felt he would go without bed and breakfast to be thought fierce,† (Tolkien 18) All of his fear was conquered and then came the confidence. â€Å"He soon realized that if anything was to be done, it would have to be done by Mr. Baggins, alone and unaided,† (Tolkien 158).

The problem of evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The problem of evil - Essay Example This is not however the case and the controversy induces dilemma on both believers and non-believers. This paper explores the concept of the problem of evil. Concepts of the problem of evil The problem of evil arises from the scope of nature that identifies conflicts in theories in existence of evil and God’s characteristics. This is because a consideration of the nature of God and His power should not allow evil to prevail, or should at least be able to eliminate evil. A number of intellectual opinions have explained impossibility of existence of both God and His powers, and evil and its associated powers and suffering. Two sets of elements, three about God’s power and one about evil illustrates mutual exclusivity between the power of God over evil and the persistent existence of evil to develop the controversy. It is for example believed that God has super natural powers, is present at all places and at all times and knows everything that happens on earth and in heave n. God is similarly defined as loving. This means that He is protective of his creations and ensures their safety from all forms of harm or threats to their well being. The relationship between evil and suffering among human beings and a consideration of God’s loving nature would therefore induce God’s actions to either protect human beings from evil or acts on the pain that comes from evil. Existence of evil and a consideration of God’s omnipresent and omniscient properties also mean that evil occurs in God’s presence, against his powers, and with His knowledge. Consequently, existence of evil casts doubts on the properties of God and induces the dilemma of whether to believe in existence of God’s and His characteristics or not (Beebe 1). Similarly, if God has knowledge about existence of evil and the suffering that evil causes, He knows how to control evil power and has the capacity to control it, then existence of evil would mean that God is not as good as He is expected to be. In addition, if God wanted to control evil but does not, then it would mean that His power is not as sovereign as it is thought to be. Alternatively, if God has the power to control evil and wishes to, but has not, then it would mean that He is not aware of the existence of evil. These therefore mean that the presence of evil implies absence of at least one of the properties of God. Admitting to such a theory that what has been believed to be the properties of God are not actually true also contribute to the dilemma and is a basis to reconsidering possibility of non existence of all the proclaimed properties of God, or worse, the belief in existence of God (Beebe 1). McCallum also explores the problem of evil through existence of evil in the presence of God’s power. The author explains that if God loves and has supreme power, according to a believer’s faith, then He should be able to terminate evil and its consequences. Existence of ev il therefore puts a believer in a dilemma over the properties of God. From a biblical perspective, the author argues that if God is the creator of all that exist then He created evil because evil also exist. Similarly, belief that God is good and powerful would result in Him destroying evil. As a

Mini Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mini Project - Assignment Example The cost of debt refers to the effective rate in which a firm pays to use debt finance. The value is considered to be the proportion of interest on the entire debt value. However, this can be viewed in two approaches namely cost of debt before tax and cost of debt after tax. As such, cost of capital before tax will therefore refer to the effective rate an organization pays for it to use debt finance without incorporating tax while cost of debt after tax will refer to effective rate in which an organization will pay to use debt finance while considering tax. In relation to GE, the company pays 5.56% for its debt finance annually before tax. The value will translate to 5.35% cost of debt after tax. This implies that the proportion of interest on entire debt value before considering tax is 5.56% while the proportion of interest considering tax is 5.35%. Also, the measure of the cost of debt reflects the risk level of an organization when compared to others. Therefore, when a company rec ords a higher rate in its cost of debt than another, then it means investing in that company will be more risky. Therefore, a firm that has a cost of debt before tax greater than 5.56% and cost of debt after tax greater than 5.35% is more risky to invest in than GE. Cost of capital is another element that factors greatly in evaluating company performance. Cost of capital refers to the theoretical return an organization will pay for its equity finance as compensation for the risk they undertake in investing in that firm. Currently, GE has a cost of equity rate of 8.81%. The value is averaged by summing the risk free rate with measures of the reward for bearing systematic risk. Therefore, this implies that GE pays 8.81% annually over the long term as compensation to their equity finance providers. However, computing the rate using CAPM has some inherent flaws. The reason behind this view is that the approach uses S&P

Tidal Power Generation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tidal Power Generation - Term Paper Example Tidal power generation essentially utilizes the vertical movement of a rising and falling water levels during high and low tide (Rajput). This difference in water levels is then used to operate a hydraulic turbine. The turbine subsequently generates power. A basic tidal power plant consists of three essential components; the dam or dyke, the sluice ways that run from the basin to sea and the power house. Each component has an essential purpose. The function of the dam or dyke is to serve as a barrier between the basin and the sea. While the sluice ways are controlled to fill or empty the basin during high or low tide. Lastly, the powerhouse contains the operational equipment for power generation. These include turbines, electric generators and other auxiliary equipment. The current technology employed to generate power through tidal power systems is divided into three major domains (Ehrlich). These domains make use of different energy characteristics of tidal waves such as their potential energy, kinetic energy, or a combination of both kinetic and potential energies. In accordance with these energy characteristics the three significant tidal power generation systems are the tidal barrage, the tidal stream generator and the dynamic tidal power generation system. The tidal barrage power generation system is a more conventional means of generating power through tidal waves (Breeze). The tidal barrage power generation system utilizes the potential energy of tidal waves. This potential energy arises from the vertical rise and fall of tidal waves. This particular system stores potential energy by allowing high tide water to be stored behind a dam or dyke in a basin. The basin serves as a reservoir. The sea and basin are connected by means of sluice ways with turbines. During high tide the water from the sea enters the basin where it is temporarily

Examine Wireless Communication and Bluetooth Technology Essay

Examine Wireless Communication and Bluetooth Technology - Essay Example However, wired environment is non-longer preferable because of their lack of flexibility and cost. Because of the challenges associated with wired technologies, Bluetooth and wireless technologies are increasingly becoming standards for using electronic gadgets like phones, iPhones, and laptops. Whereas Bluetooth technology and wireless communication offer users significant advantages over wired environment, wireless technology differs from Bluetooth's technology because of their complexity, security, and hardware requirements. Wireless communication is much easier to use, as compared to Bluetooth's communication (Gratton 201). The ease of use is one of the factors that differentiate the two sets of communication technologies. When compared to each other, Bluetooth is much simpler to use than wireless communication. Many users of communication equipment such as laptops report through Bluetooth are simpler to use. For instance, users of phones with a Bluetooth adapter can connect to a computer through a simple pairing process. The pairing can be accomplished through some few clicks on computers that enhance the use of the phone will be achieved. When users pair these devices, sharing of files can take place. On the other hand, wireless communication is not extremely easy to use (Morley and Parker 285). Users should have appropriate hardware, software and conduct configuration of their devices in order to transfer files. Because of this, users require to have an internet protocol address for each computer of wireless enabled phones. Moreover, users must purchase and install wireless devices such as routers to enable this communication. This process makes wireless communication challenging to use. Bluetooth's technology is more secure than wireless communication and thus, provides more security to data that users exchanged (Kartalopoulos 153). Security is critical, and users consider when it comes to evaluating technologies. Bluetooth covers a short distance as co mpared to wireless communication. Because of this reason, there are few chances of hackers getting around Bluetooth's connection. However, the fact that wireless communication allows connection over long distance is a security threat. When intruders connect to wireless communication network, most of them cannot be seen hiding or hacking the network. Just to illustrate, hackers can gain access into the wireless communication of his immediate neighbor even at the comfort of their house. Conversely, this kind of infiltration is impossible for Bluetooth's technology, as hackers have to maintain a certain distance from the victims. In addition, Bluetooth's technology has a robust level of security that is difficult to penetrate. Even when hackers succeed in gaining access into a Bluetooth connection, passwords can bar them from taking full control of the devices that they would like to compromise (Briere, Hurley, and Ferris 46). This is quite different with wireless networks where hacker s can use sniffer to detect passwords and hack into the communication lines. The fact that many users forget to protect their wireless networks using wireless pre-shared keys indicate the dangers of wireless communication Without doubt, Bluetooth's technologies are more secure than wireless communication Bluetooth technology and wireless communication have different hardware requirements that make them dissimilar (Huang and Rudolph 89).

Comparing two emperors, one Chinese and one Roman Essay

Comparing two emperors, one Chinese and one Roman - Essay Example The Roman Empire began around 1000BCE and its power began from ruling the ancient villages around the city of Rome. In its earlier years of formation the empire was a monarchy but after the overthrowing of Etruscans in 509 BCE the empire turned to a republic and the Romans started their tyrant rules and governance. This essay will cover only the rule of Julius Caesar since this was the backbone of the success of the empire. The Roman Empire headquarters were in Rome and when Julius Caesar was in power, it conquered parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. It became one of the largest empires in history .   The Han China Empire came to power after overthrowing the Qin whose reign was short lived. Qin had abolished feudalism and thus overthrown by Han who ruled from 140-87 BCE. The ruler of the Han was known as Wu Ti . Unlike the Roman Empire the Han Empire did not start as a monarchy since there were magistrate-rule who ensured who was to be the ruler. There are similarities between Han an d Roman Empires in the essence of size of the empire and the acquirement of land to enlarge their empires. Han Empire used his power in the formation of a unified China, then started taking over the neighboring locations. The difference of the growth and acquisition of more land was not as brutal as that used by the Romans. The growth of the Roman Empire was based on conquering any empire that was beginning to gain power and seemed as a threat to the Roman Empire. This is contrary in comparison of the Han Empire.

Business and social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and social Responsibility - Essay Example Since, they have to face the end users, their stake is quite critical. Each stakeholder of the company is as important as the other. The management is responsible for the overall strategy and production enhancement of the company. They are also responsible to take care of their workers and their channel partners. At the same time they have a social responsibility to the area where they are operating. Their decision is crucial for the future of the rest of the stakeholders and dependants. They need cooperation from the workers as well as the distributors and stockists, which will help them to increase their productivity and sales. It is up to them how they wish to run the company and what issues and objections they need to overcome. The issues could be varied and may not have direct relation to the company’s primary objective, which is turnover and profitability. Similarly the workers have a huge role to play in the organization, since they are the only source of manpower in the area. It is a coexistent for both the groups. Each of the group is dependant on the other for their existence. They are responsible for the efficient productivity at the plant and their decision is important for the company to survive and grow. But they also need to be aware of their well being and the effect it will have in Teesside. Also, their cooperation and understanding of the company’s requirements is essential, so as to come to a consensus with the management. The same applies for the distributors, who must ensure the availability of the company’s product at their sales point. They are the direct contact point for the company to the end user and they are to ensure a positive image to the customers. Hence, any negative vibe or feelings of the customer needs to communicated to the company. If one considers the ethical issues surrounding Chemdex Chemicals, then we need to understand the difference between ethical and unethical business practice.

Costa Rica Essay Example for Free

Costa Rica Essay Costa Rica is a very beautiful country and very independent. Costa Rica gained its independence from the Spanish in 1821 but still was mooched off of by Agustin de Iturbide in his Mexican Empire. Easter in Costa Rica is known as Semana Santa. On July 25th they have Guanacaste day, which is the celebration of the annexation of Guanacaste to Costa Rica in 1824. August 2nd they have Virgen de Los Angeles Day. Which celebrates the Patron saint of Costa Rica. This is one of the most important religious celebrations. On September 15th they celebrate Independence Day in Costa Rica. On October 12th they celebrate Dia de la Raza (Columbus Day). Lastly on December 25th they celebrate Christmas Day, which are Family-oriented celebrations. Costa Rica’s flag has tons of symbolism involved stating with the colors. The white stripe represents peace and honesty, the blue stripe represents vigilance, truth and loyalty while the red stripe represent hardiness, bravery, and strength. The emblem on the flag contains the volcanoes and their coat of arms. Costa Rica’s number one economic resource is coffee and bananas. Costa Ricans live just like we do in the U. S. A. Costa Rica and the United States of America get along quite well. Of course there has been a few bump in the road but nothing bad enough to make us hostile. We are good friends because we help each other out by buying each others products and such. Costa Rica and its relations with other countries are exquisite right now. They have been apart of the international community and have been neutral to most countries for quite some time. Of course it may be hostile to a few countries but everyone seems to have enemies. This country is said to be very beautiful so if I had the time I would gladly visit it and spend a few days on the beach. Things are cheap there and I can be cheap so it would work out great. This country is a very beautiful country that makes its money off of very natural things and I think that is very good. I think the people are nice and the amount of festivals and holidays they have is very cool.

The significant challenges Essay Example for Free

The significant challenges Essay The article of Gerler outlines the significant challenges of counseling in middle schools. He provides ideas and situations of concern that surrounds middle school students. Since this is the phase wherein changes begin to manifest among individuals as they transition towards adolescent level, issues such as relationships, drug and alcohol abuse, stress and experimentation comes into the picture (Gerler, 1991). Under these facets the document outlines significant areas of interest and the setbacks in the implementation of adequate policies towards change. In the end, Gerler argues the redefinition and alignment of new programs seeking to improve and facilitate effective avenues for middle school students to cope with the environment. Reacting to this, I believe that it has always been the goal of every educational counselor to find ways to provide students for active motivation and involvement in the learning process. Though it can be observed that Gerler study seems to be outdated, the challenges and trends continue to be exhibited by today’s youth. Seeing this, it is essential that careful considerations must be made on policies that will actively guide middle school students towards achieving their relevant and respective goals. Also, reflecting on the idea of bias in the research design, the document seems to connote only an analogy of setbacks faced by counselors. There was no clear indication of significant developments that had happened in the realm of middle school counseling. Seeing this, the document may seem to connote limited ability to provide information as far as its scope and ability convey the totality of the profession is concerned. With all of these, I still feel that this article is beneficial in my future profession because it gives out significant information of continuing needs of adolescents in middle school through the years. It may have been that the trends and policies implemented are changing however the essential facets and needs of these students remain the same and therefore needs attention. Understanding the conditions for the prevalence of autism in the infantile stage as well as its associated risk factors was discussed by Hultman et. al in their study. In here, they highlighted the relevant elements that surrounded the occurrence of autism. They sought to understand the relationship between areas such as maternal pregnancy and infant characteristics to the likelihood acquiring infantile autism (Hultman et. al. 2002). The methods used sought to compare the instances and medical records of pregnant women in Sweden for a time period. The results provided significant results that showed that this incidence has been related with both genetics and the environment (such as the prevalence of risk factors among pregnant women) (Hultman et. al. , 2002). Reflecting on the article presented, it clearly offers readers a good insight about the associated foundations for the formation of infantile autism and what elements constitute strong manifestations of these changes. Their ability to denote environmental and physiological makeup also gives strength in their claim that there are numerous factors to consider in studying this prevalence. Such can give future researchers and the epidemiological community areas to further study and analyze. On the other hand, there seems to be bias in the way the discussion is presented. It only highlighted the effect of smoking in generating varied responses that is then manifested as infantile autism. The complications gained in the process such as hypoxia are the stimulus that paves the way for the development of the condition. The researchers did not address some other factors present in the date they provided and mainly discussed the impact of smoking in general. With these ideas, I feel that it can help my profession because it can widen and expand my scope in understanding the areas that contribute to autism. Since this condition happens in different stages of growth, having a background in every level together with its associated implications and causes can help generate the appropriate approaches in handling individuals who have such circumstance. Reference Gerler, E. R. Jr. (1991) The Challenges of Counseling in Middle Schools in ERIC Digest. [online] Retrieved July 8, 2009 from, http://www. ericdigests. org/pre-9219/middle. htm Hultman, C. M. , Sparen, P. and Cnattingius, S. (2002) Perinatal Risk Factors for Infantile Autism in Epidemiology. 13 (4). Retrieved July 8, 2009. 417-423

Role of the Health and Social Care Worker | Reflection

Role of the Health and Social Care Worker | Reflection Sharon Heather Ferguson-Guy Outcome 1 – Understand working relationships in health and social care 1:1Â  explain how a working relationship is different from a personal relationship: A working relationship is where your attitude is to be more reserved yet professional. You will be placed with people that you would work with as part of a team, each of you will work towards achieving the same priorities of care, working together knowing the procedures of the workplace. You must be aware of your responsibilities for any errors or mistakes, being aware that you are accountable for your actions. You are not in the job to like the people you work with but, having respect for your fellow work colleague is vital as well as obtaining the same in return. So then your personal opinions and feelings are best kept to yourself. A working relationship must have good professional communication skills. A personal relationship is a relationship through your own choices, like a friend that can share the same things as yourself, such as hobbies and interests. You may share your thoughts and opinions, the relationship is reciprocated because of the friendship you have formed with them, also; with a personal relationship you can say what is on your mind without the worry of being reported for stepping out of line. This is where trust bonds a personal relationship and communication is relaxed. 1:2Â  Describe different working relationship in health and social care setting: Two types of working relationships in social care are; Professional relationships i.e. with a doctor, district nurse, service users and the friends or family of them. Working relationships i.e. with my manager, colleagues. (It would be disrespectful to talk to a Doctor for example in the same manner as your work colleague) Outcome 2 – Work in ways that are agreed with the employer: 2:1Â  describe why it is important to adhere to the agreed scope of the job role: It is important to adhere to an agreed scope because by straying outside of this I may put individuals at risk, such as patients in my care and fellow work colleagues. Knowing that I was employed for my skills and qualifications that are in the job description, my employer would be assured in my capabilities for the position. You must not undertake a job role if you are not trained or qualified to do as this can put people in danger as well as yourself, and you will be made accountable. If I was asked to undertake a task that was not in my job role; I would have to refuse as I may not be qualified for that particular task. My colleague should be understanding in my refusal as I wouldn’t want to put anyone in danger. 2:2Â  Access full and up-to-date details of agreed ways of working: Agreed ways of working includes policies and procedures. The employer would have given me my role and responsibilities for my scope of practice; this is to make sure that the information given to me for my role is done in the correct manner. They also trust me that I shall do my job within the role with a professional attitude. 2:3Â  Implement agreed ways of working: It is important to update policies to reflect changes in legislation and make sure that staff understands them, as these will give a general guidance on how you should carry out your duties within the workplace. If something changes and you are not so sure on the proceedings then you should ask your senior or workplace manager for advice. They will be pleased that you have taken notice of any changes and asking them for advice. Outcome 3 – Work in partnership with others: 3:1Â  explain why it is important to work in partnership with others: By working in partnership with others we can use their expertise and provide more effective care, as you will be providing more of a holistic type of care. You will be looking at the individual as a whole person and you will be in touch with their family and friends, also you would be in contact with other carers, social workers and Doctors. You are all taking part as a team of support providers that will benefit the individual with their overall care. 3:2Â  Demonstrate way of working that can help improve partnership working: Working in small teams and regular meetings and keeping good communication all improve partnership working. This will include keeping any information to the relevant persons involved. Having agreed values or outcomes. Ensuring confidentiality. 3:3Â  Identify skills and approaches needed for resolving conflicts: Skills needed for resolving conflict include diplomacy, patience, empathy and good communication skills. There will come a time where a conflict will arise between work colleagues service users or others that you may have to encounter. Working together as part of a team you can put together knowledge and any ideas to resolve the matter. There will be social factors, values and also conflicts from differences in opinions; these can add fuel to the fire. Communication problems can arise with a lacking of listening skills; this can build up the walls so lack of information sharing can falter. You must find a quiet area where conflicts can be discussed so things cannot be misread; using mediation skills between parties involved you should therefore use the example below: All importance is to listen to all sides Anything that is said even if it is criticism must responded to, with empathy Being impartial to those involved and the points of conflict Don’t take criticism to heart as it won’t be directed to you personally If help from someone else is needed, ask for it Is the person showing congruence to what they are trying to put across Look for a compromise that will resolve the issue Resolve and defuse for the desired outcome Staying calm Staying focussed and without interruption 3:4Â  Demonstrate how and when to access support and advice about: Partnership working – I should access support and advice about partnership working before taking responsibility for any major decisions. Resolving conflicts – To take advice on resolution before any conflict gets out of hand. References Caroline Morris, 2011. Level 3 Health and Social Care Diploma. By Caroline Morris, Val Michie. Edition. Hodder Education. 96-108 Doane, GA, 2002. Beyond behavioural skills to human-involved processes: relational nursing practice and interpretive pedagogy. Journal of Nursing Education, 41 issue 9, 400-404. Higgins, M, 2013. Use your influence for good. Nursing Standard, 27 issue 49, 62-63. Tingle, J, Cribb, and A 2002. Nursing Law and Ethics. 2 Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. 22. 2.2 Webb, K, 2013. Stand up and be accountable care. Nursing Standard, 27 issue 29, 26. Sharon H Ferguson-Guy / NVQ3 Diploma ECA 1 of 2

Recommendation Letter Essay examples -- Letter of Recommendation

As an upright Police officer and upholder of the law, I am of the opinion that above everything else, success demands hard work, grit and persistence to go into its making. It is this quality that I see uppermost in Ron Geis, a remarkable individual who has battled the odds to come as far as he has in life and I am of the conviction that he is marked for further success. From circumstances of adversity, Ron has single-handedly pursued his dreams. An excellent sportsman during his school years, I have been associated with him in taking forward his sporting career since then. However, it was not long before I realized that his interests did not lie in the field of sports and that he wished to pursue a mainstream academic career. Ron educated himself while simultaneously taking up em...

The Evolved Meaning of Individuality Essay -- Individual Society Paper

The Evolved Meaning of Individuality The word â€Å"individual† holds an important place in today’s society. If asked the meaning of the word â€Å"individual,† a randomly chosen person would confidently reply, â€Å" an individual is one person.† Compared to the modern definition, the person would be correct. According to the most recent meaning of â€Å"individual†, as defined in the Oxford English Dictionary , is â€Å"of, pertaining or peculiar to, a single person or thing, or some one member of a class† ( OED individual 5a). If the same question were asked in the seventeenth century, a different answer would be given. In fact, the word â€Å"individual† was rarely used. Instead, the word â€Å"individuality† or â€Å"individualism† was often heard in the seventeenth century in reference to politics or religion. The seventeenth century definition of â€Å"individuality† is â€Å"the state or quality of being indivisible or inseparable.† Obviously, these two meanings differ. By exploring the political and theological meaning in the seventeenth century and comparing it to the latest meaning, centered on biology and society, we will use history to help us analyze the conflicts between the new meaning and the old meaning of individuality. The history of the word â€Å"individual† is thoroughly explained in Raymond Williams’ Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society . When returning to Cambridge University , after being absent for four and a half years in the war, Williams observed the people around him and noticed that a new language had evolved. This new language inspired Williams to try to discover why words were used more often around him after he returned from the war than they were before he left. The year 1945 marked a starting point for him to write ... ... now mentioned in biology and logic. The definition has been a positive addition to society. Works Cited Fite , Warner. Individualism Microform: Four Lectures on the Significance of Consciousness for Social Relations . New York : Longmans, Green, and Company, 1911. Kaplan, Abraham, ed . Individuality and the New Society . Seattle : University of Washington Press, 1970. Milton, John. Animadversions Upon the Remonstrants Defense, Against Smectymnuus .London : Printed for T. Underhill, 1641. Morley, Felix. Essays on Individuality . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 1958. Oxford English Dictionary , The . Ed. J.A. Simpson and ESC Weiner. 2 nd Edition. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1989. Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society . New York : Oxford University Press, 1976.

Polymer Chains

Name: Jeff Chudakoff Partners: Alejandra Garcia Date: 2 December 2011 TA: Mengbin Chen Skill Building Exercise #2 Answer the following questions: 1. What does it mean when a polymer is crosslinked? Crosslinked is one manner in which monomers link together. In this method, separate polymer chains are connected via bonds between the individual polymer chains. 2. We discussed how polymer linking and structure contribute to its properties. How would you expect the density, elasticity, and rigidity of a polymer that is branched to compare to one that is linear?I would expect the density of the linear polymer to be much higher than the density of the branched polymer, which I would expect to have low density. The branched structure, though, would be more elastic than the linear structure. The linear polymer would be expected to have more rigidity than the branched structure. 3. Consider the following polymer: a. Identify and draw the chemical formula of the monomer from which this polymer is made of. Clearly explain the criteria you used to identify the monomer. State how many carbons, oxygens, and hydrogens can be found in one monomer of this polymer. This is the monomer. C2H4O) In this monomer there are two carbons, four hydrogens, and one oxygen. I identified this as the monomer by looking for the repeating component of the polymer. b. This polymer is hydrophilic. Give a plausible reason for this behavior. Your explanation should be based on the molecular structure of the polymer, the molecular structure of water, and the interactions between molecules of these two substances. You should use terms such as polarity, polar bond, charge, interactions, attractions, repulsions or hydrogen bonds. However, you should use only those terms that apply to this situation.The polymer is surrounded by hydrogens via hydrogen bonds between the hydrogens and the carbons. This is a polar bond, resulting in hydrogen being relatively positively charged. Water molecules are also polar molecules. The oxygen has a relatively negative charge and, thus, would interact with the polymer. There would be attraction between the oxygen of the water and the hydrogens of the polymer, characterizing a hydrophilic property of the polymer. 4. Nylons are named with two numbers. c. What do the 6 and 10 represent in the name of your product?The 6 and 10 represent the number of carbons in the two polymer chains that are connected to construct the nylon. The first chain [N(CH2)6N] has six carbons, while the second [C(CH2)8C] has ten carbons. d. Draw the structure of nylon 5-12. 5. We did not calculate the percent yield for our nylon synthesis because we did not have time to fully dry the product, but it is an important aspect of synthesis. Another difficulty is that the polymer chain length can be variable, so the molecular weight of the monomer is used. e. Assume you began with exactly 20. 00 mL of each reactant.What is the limiting reagent? Show your work. 20. 00mL ? 1L1000mL ? 0 . 5mol1L=0. 01mol Hexamethylenediamine 20. 00mL ? 1L1000mL ? 0. 2mol1L=0. 004mol Sebacic Acid Since the mole ratio is 1:1, the one with less is the limiting reactant. Therefore, Sebacic Acid is the limiting reactant. f. What is the theoretical yield in grams of Nylon 6-10? The mole ratio is 1:1; so, we would expect to get the same amount of moles as the limiting reactant (0. 004mol) of Nylon 6-10. 0. 004mol Sebacoyl chloride ? 1 mol 6-10 nylon monomer1 mol Sebacoyl chloride? 282. 42g1mol 6-10 nylon monomer=1. 13 grams 6-10 nylon

Feminist Times: a Jury of Her Peers Essay

Susan Glaspell was born in 1882; she wrote a short story called â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† based on her play Trifles. Susan Glaspell received a degree in philosophy from Drake University. She became a newspaper reporter in Des Moines. The writer married a freethinker who believed in free love. In 1916 the author was inspired to write the play Trifles based on a murder case she covered on the job. One year later in 1917, she creates the short story. Mrs. Glaspell has stated that promotes all progressive movements. Her short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† is very touching and judgmental. In her story she is revealing moments that define the women’s personalities and lives. This short story is symbolizing how the women felt, what roles they play in society, and what the women saw as a worry was considered little to none importance by men. In this short story, how women felt was of no matter. For instance, Minnie Wright’s life was compared to the life of a bird in a cage. Mrs. Wright’s life was full of loneliness with nowhere to go. She was trapped in a cage just like the bird. Mrs. Hale remembered Minnie Wright as Minnie Foster before she got married to John Wright. Mrs. Hale states that Minnie Foster once had a beautiful voice just like the bird once had one too. â€Å"I wish you’d seen Minnie Foster when she wore a white dress with blue ribbons and stood up there in the choir and sang.† (Glaspell, Page 264) The beautiful voice of both Minnie Wright’s and the birds was taken away by a heartless man. Men in those times had no respect for how women felt. John Wright was a cruel man who killed the bird with disregard to her feelings. As the bird died, a piece of her heart died as well. â€Å"She was going to bury it in that pretty box.† (Glaspell, Page 264) Her only friend and connection to the world was taken away. As a consequence, Mr. Wright’s life was taken.   During the old time, the role that women played in society was based on their husbands. For example, Mrs. Hale was married to Mr. Hale who was a farmer. She was known as the farmer’s wife. Mrs. Peters was married to Mr. Peters who happened to be the sheriff. In the eyes of society she was known as the lady married to the law. In the book Mr. Peter’s states â€Å"Married to the law!† (Glaspell, Page 265) These women have no individual identity. Who they were, was determined by their husbands. The women were never called by their first names. They were called by their husband’s last name. In those days, women had no say or opinion. They had to do what their husbands would tell them to do. Who they would be for the rest of their life was established by the man they married. Decades ago, what women saw as a worry was considered little to none importance by men. Men back then were ignorant to what was obvious and right in front of their faces. The women saw the small details of what was happening or did happen. They put those small details together and found the motive as to why Mrs. Wright killed her husband. In the story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers,† Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters noticed all the small details that were clues. When Minnie asked that they check on her preserves. Mr. Hale commented â€Å"women are used to worrying over trifles.† (Hedges, web)The quilt was one of the clues that gave the ladies a scare. They were trying to figure out why the quilt was done so well, but towards the middle looked wrong. The ladies were puzzled as to if Minnie Wright was going to knot or quilt it. They understood that it described Minnie’s life. It looked nice and pretty on the outside, but on the inside her life was mess. The men didn’t see or understand it. Mr. Henderson the county attorney made a brief smirk about the ladies wonders. â€Å"They wonder whether she was going to quilt it or just knot it!† (Glaspell, Page 260) The ladies knew something was very wrong. The men saw it as nothing. The women found a beautiful little box at the bottom of the sewing basket. In the box they found a dead bird, but did not mention it to the men. The men were too busy looking for the big clues that they found nothing. All the small details that would convict Minnie Wright were in her personal belongings. Everything that had to do with her everyday life was considered small details or of no value in the men’s eyes. In reality, it was all the clues they needed, but overlooked. The small worries of women should never be underestimated and should be considered when trying to understand them. A woman’s small worries are the clues to discovering the answers. In this mystery of finding all the right clues, the two ladies found them all. This story shows that women are just as smart as men. Sometimes women are even smarter. These two ladies read between the lines and figured out Minnie Wright’s life story in just a short period of time. â€Å"For these women, solving the murder is not a disinterested act, but a cooperative endeavor which leads them to a knowledge essential for their survival as females in a hostile or indifferent world.† (Ortiz, web ) As the men searched for big clues, they found nothing. The women understood what Minnie had endured in her life and choose not to tell the men about the clues. It was their choice not to tell the men and none of them would ever know that the ladies had defied them that day. It was one step closer to gaining their rights.

Being a Musician

Music is the rhythm that keeps the world spinning. What is it about music that makes it so enjoyable to listen to? Is it the message that we gain from the lyrics or is just the background beat? Music, with all its intricacies, can be seen as living entity that has the ability to rest Inside our soul and create emotions such as excitement and awe. Music helps create a bond and connect people all around the world whether they speak different languages or practice different religions.Music has always been an integral part of my life. I listen and partake in music almost every day and when I listen to a great piece of music, I cannot help but feel great joy and feel as though I am one with the song. It is as if my body goes into an alternate universe where Instruments have the ability to talk and they are telling me their story. Over the years, I have learned through my experiences that music not only helps me learn, but to also grow. From an early age, I grew up listening to Classical I ndian music. My mom would sing traditional songs to me and would listen eagerly absorbing the song in its entirety.However, I did not know that I was developing my singing ability at the same time. Then, the unimaginable happened. I started to sing. This; however, is an understatement as I seemed to of sang well according to my elders and peers. I had this experience at the young age of 10 which Is when I discovered I had the talent to sing Classical Indian music. From then on, I was fixed on honing my musical skills and was determined to push it to things beyond singing. From then on, I would try singing whenever I was given a chance. I would sing in the shower, in the car, and even when my parents went to bed.Even though I liked to inning, I did not like to do it publicly in front of people. Now as I look back, it was probably because I was not very confident In my abilities so I was afraid of making a fool of myself. Not long after, my parents started to notice my knack for music and I was forced to share my talent. However, I am eternally grateful that they made me sing in public at our temple because that led to a Classical Music teacher approaching my parents and she asked them if I would like to learn from her. This was Just the beginning of my journey in music. As I continued to sing, I became more and more fascinated with piano. Ked my parents if I could start taking lessons and they readily agreed. As I went to the piano teacher, she said I had a natural ability to read music and that my fingers were Incredibly quick for an eleven year old. I continue to piano to this day and thoroughly enjoy it. Piano; however, was not the only instrument that I learned to play. In sixth grade, I joined band and picked the trumpet as my instrument of choice. I loved playing it the first moment the trumpet touched my lips. Band has been a part of my life ever since sixth grade and I have been playing the trumpet for the better part of 5 years. Simmered by the notes. Music is the only thing that has the power to fully captivate someone in this manner. Personally, music gave me the opportunity to go from the world of real-life problems to a world of tranquility and from the life of an academically overachieving student to that of a musical vocalist.

Building the team Essay

2.1 Explain what behaviours you have developed in order to maintain trust in your detachment. In order to main trust at the detachment I aim is to set aim example in the way I present myself and behave. . A good leader should possess characteristics that encourage the formation of a close knit, solid team. Many of these are my own natural and personal characteristics, but to some have to be learnt. I have been told that I have an approachable demeanour and I am genuinely a caring person. I am also trustworthy and loyal, with a deep sense of integrity and fairness, and high, but not narrow, moral values. I am enthusiastic and encouraging to others, showing my upbeat, positive nature. As a firm believer in self discipline and hard work, I am reliable and punctual. My natural tact, diplomacy and understanding mean that my team are happy to discuss any matters freely. Communication and listening are essential for building a good team, ensuring that time is allocated for them Having been supplied with knowledge, through training with the Cadet Force, and gained qualifications I have become more confident and decisive, not afraid of using my own judgement to address issues which are causing problems. By ensuring that I have up to date information I can plan ahead, be forward thinking, but maintain a degree of flexibility. Committed to the detachment I am willing to take responsibility and stand up for the team, supporting them as necessary. I have learnt to deal with issues in a calm and straight forward manner. 2.2 Explain why confidentiality is important in building and maintaining trust within the team. To earn a reputation of reliability you need to earn the trust of the other  team members. Respecting, and keeping confidences, is paramount as team leaders need to be able to be trusted with private and confidential information. You should never share information that you have been asked to keep confidential and use your judgment when it comes to matters of implied confidentiality. You must keep things confidential that are intended to be so even if a there are problems within the team. There are exceptions to keeping rule, such as when someone’s health or well-being is at risk, or if there is a likelihood of someone being endangered. It’s not an easy commitment to vow never share anything that must be kept confidential, but you should remember that their decision to share or not to divulge information that may affect how others view that person. When consider sharing information you should ask yourself if there is any chance that the person who imparted the information would like it kept confidential. If that is the case, you should not share it. When things are kept confidential that should be confidential, a reputation as a person who can be trusted will be gained. Trust and confidence in leadership is one of the most reliable indicators of satisfaction in an organization, encouraging openness. Maintaining trust avoids conflict within the group. Many issues are resolved by team members trusting their leader sufficiently to approach him with any problem they may have, however large or small it may be. 2.3 Give one example of a group and one example of a team within the Cadet Force. Justify the classification of examples given. An example of a team within the Cadet Force is the Detachment staff i.e. the adult instructors. They have individual and mutual responsibilities but they work together in decision making, discussion, planning, problem solving, focusing on team goals. Defined individual roles, responsibilities and tasks help the team to  do its work. These are often shared and rotated. Each member of the team is concerned with results achieved and challenges they face. The team’s purpose, goals and organisation is shaped by team leader along with other team members. An example of a group within the Cadet Force is the cadets who attend the detachment. The cadets are not involved in the planning the aims and objectives. They have each have their own accountability and work to achieve individual results and goals. They come together to train and learn but are responsible for their own outcome and challenges. The cadets each have individual roles but work as a group to attain results. The group is lead by the team and its leader, the detachment staff and commander, and guided in its aim, goals and approach to training. 2.4 Describe the stages of an established model group formation using examples from your experience to illustrate these if possible. In 1965 Bruce Tuckman developed a 5 stage model of group development, focusing on the way a task is approached and completed from the start to the end. Stage 1 – Forming: The group comes together and gets to know one other and form into a group. Stage 2 – Storming: Differing ideas are raised on how to complete the task and trialling of theories. Stage 3 – Norming: Agreement is reached on how the group will operate. Stage 4 – Performing: The group practices its processes and plans. It becomes effective in meeting its objectives. 10 years later an additional stage was added. Stage 5 – Adjourning and Transforming: The process of ending the project, letting go of the group structure and moving on. The group can reform at any phase to review their goals or change members of the team. This can meaning  reverting to the first stage, but it will progress rapidly as the new member is included in the group. In the Cadet Force an example the group is seen during field craft training. The cadets are formed into groups of up to eight, to create a ‘section’. They need establish the leader, 1IC, second in command, 2IC, and the duties of the remaining members of the group. They need to discuss and plan how they are complete the task, perform the section attack and review how they feel they performed. 2.5 Explain how a Commanding officer could benefit from knowing team member’s preferred team roles. Most cadet detachment teams are made up of people with a varied range of experience, abilities, knowledge, confidence and commitment. Each and every one of them has their own individual strengths and weaknesses. Knowing the team member’s preferred role enables the team leader to allocate roles that are most suited them and were they will produce the best results. For instance someone who is expert in First Aid should be allocated responsibility for that training. Likewise a person who has a lot of experience in a field craft role can be utilised to co-ordinate that training. In 1985, Margerison and McCann produced a classification list for members of a team. They identified these roles in terms of those who were most happily suited to innovating, promoting, developing, organising, producing, inspecting, maintaining and advising. This forms an excellent basis on creating an efficient, confident team that is able to produce results. Different personalities require different styles of leadership and guidance. Knowing an individuals personality will enable the commander to adapt the style of leadership for that person. For instance a new team member, with little knowledge of the Cadet Force, will need direction, tutoring and demonstration of the tasks he will be undertaking. A member who has several years of experience may need refresher training or be required on take on new responsibilities. These can make them feel insecure and unsure. This situation may require coaching from the commander, reaffirming their abilities. Someone who has sufficient experience, knowledge and skills will only need support and guidance to achieve results. An experienced instructor who is confident in his abilities would resent close supervision and would prefer to be left to deal with a given task on his own. The commander would be able to delegate responsibilities to this person freeing him to pay closer attention to those who need it. Knowing the detachment staffs’s preferred roles and leadership requirements would enable the team leader arrange tasks and training in an efficient way creating a well balanced, team with good morale.

Hiv / Aids And Discrimination Essay -- AIDS, HIV, Immunodeficiency, Tube

5/3/16 English Professor HIV/AIDS and Discrimination Today AIDS still affects both men and women, predominantly African American women. AIDS was originated in Africa. As of today people can live with AIDS as opposed to years before they had the proper medication to treat AIDS, but keep in mind their is still no cure as of yet. It has been a worldwide disease that federal officials and associations tried to make up laws and ways to prevent the transmission of AIDS. According to HIV/AIDS website, HIV is a virus that attacks cells in body’s immune system. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. The transmission of HIV can be transmitted through sexual intercourse both anal and vaginal sex without using a condom. Also another way to transmit HIV is by sharing needles for drugs or any use of injections in the blood. Unlike some viruses HIV cannot be rid of, you have it for life. Untreated HIV can result to the disease of AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency disease). According to the World Health Organization (WHO) there are app roximately 36.9 million people worldwide who are living with AIDS at the end 2014. The disease AIDS has caused the federal government, along with the Olympic Organization, and Sport Organizations change the antidiscrimination laws. The changes have resulted in the creation of the American Disability Act, Rehabilitation Act applying to athletes, and providing education programs. The athletes Earwin â€Å"Magic† Johnson, Tommy Morrison, and Greg Louganis. These athletes are HIV positive and faced discrimination because of the disease. After Magic’s announcement that he was HIV, the discussion was if he would continue to play basketball. Fellow basketball players discussed ... ... middle of paper ... ...ad an AIDS specialist come to educate and provide training for the teams. In some of the professional leagues a rookie is required to attend an orientation, that discusses financial management, handling the media, and HIV/AIDS. Magic Johnson helps to end discrimination amongst athletes and spokesman of AIDS prevention. Therefore, players that are being educated of HIV/ AIDS will understand the precautions of transmission and the knowledge will be taken throughout their careers. In conclusion, there should be no discrimination against athletes who are HIV/AIDS infected. Athletes who are infected are capable to participate in competitions, but will always be risk of transmission, although it 's possible to keep the risk very small for the other athletes who are not infected. The laws that were created to protect every individual to avoid being turned away by anyone.

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 23

Case Study Example As is quiet evident from the given case study, before Michelle Rhee took over, either there were no mechanisms in place to measure and evaluate teacher performance or even if they existed, they were skewed in favor of the non performing teachers. Consequently, though 95 percent of the Washington, D.C. School System teachers were evaluated to be excellent, the fact was that the student test scores in the area happened to be one of the lowest in the nation. Besides, no teacher was ever fired for non-performance or lack of credentials. In that sense the achievement of Rhee lies in her initiative to link teacher performance to the on the ground results. The crux of any motivation theory is to link employee performance to output and to put the mechanisms in place, which are aimed at motivating the employees. The central assumption of the equity theory is that employee’s tend to expect a fair and just compensation for the contribution made by them (Caruth & Handlogten 43). Being true to this assumption, the teacher evaluation system contrived by Rhee happened to be just in its intent and spirit. The just credentials of the evaluation system are corroborated by the fact that it was contrived in the light of the compensation agreement agreed upon by the Washington Teachers Union (WTU). So there exists no excuse to consider the teacher evaluation system contrived by Rhee to be unjust, especially because it was initiated after accruing the consent of the associated teachers’ body. Besides, the intent of this evaluation program intended to evaluate the teacher performance and reward the performing teachers and penalize the non performing teachers. Which, arrangement could have been more equitable than this. The equity theory also states that not only the individuals are concerned about their own rewards and what the other colleagues get in comparison; they also expect a fair reward for their performance (Caruth & Handlogten

Counterargument description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Counterargument description - Essay Example They also state that institutional trust is learned earlier on in life and then later projected towards these institutions. Media ownership has always been said to influence what is produced from the company. If a certain media house suffered a deal towards a certain company, it will be supposed to always have that negative attitude towards this institution. Journalism culture is also said to contribute to attitude. In this case, there are some cultures that exhibit negative journalism while others do not. Basing a counterclaim on the four factors that lie as a basis for the weak claim, economic performance has always been used as a basis for effective performance. This however is not supposed to be a claim to victimize a company. There are several causes of poor performance apart from the financial aspect. Economists would claim that prevailing market conditions would render a public company unable to perform effectively. Moreover, most media houses are always divided on what defines a good institution. Some may claim effective human resource system while others may claim good salaries. There are also some public institutions that purely depend on financial support from the government. Such institutions cannot be declared poor performers on this basis. Interpersonal trust is not a purely universal aspect of relationship. One journalist growing up with an attitude about an institution does not make all journalists view the same institution as he is doing. That would give a negative culture in the journalism of that particular society. It becomes unprofessional to make general conclusions based on individual experiences (Hanitzsch & Berganza, 2012). There are different media reports that support this counterclaim. Julian Assange, the CEO of the whistle blowing WikiLeaks brought up several accusations about very many

Harold Lasswell's theory of the socialization Essay

Harold Lasswell's theory of the socialization - Essay Example This is why even the best of governments are known as necessary evils. The difference between the society and the government is that the society has unlimited wants whereas the government is a source of the so called ‘wickedness’. For instance, Friedrich Engels attacked the state by stating that the important fact about the state on religion is that it puts the anxiety of mankind before itself. Often, it has been said that only those who are corrupted seek power. Political affairs are a much variegated web of many vices and virtues along with a small possibility of truth and false hood of every shape interwoven (Lasswell 8). Moreover, politicians and statesmen are compared to men who are skillful in juggling and making all kinds of incantations and tricks of all kinds. With this kind of men it is very difficult to escape their influence. In spite of all the evil associated with power, not everything about power is a symbol of evil. Power can be used for worthy purposes by the good and the strong. Not all those with power work for strange and cunning occults arts to gain power and keep it. As for those who believe that power is evil, the sometimes agree that not all who use power are evildoers. On the contrary, some men in power have been named as the heroes of mankind, great men in history, liberators, founders of nations and even statesmen (Lasswell 9). From this perspective, power, personality and government are judged favorably. Recent expansions and discoveries in the psychological, social and medical science have added to the knowledge of power and those who seek power. From a social political objective, there is instrumentation of democratic values. The connection between power and personality can be associated with service of human dignity. According to Lasswell, power is an interpersonal situation; those who hold power are empowered (10). As long as those in power give

Euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Euthanasia - Essay Example In passive euthanasia, no action is taken to prolong life, and death occurs naturally. In Great Britain, Lord Joffe has introduced a bill which would legalize assisted dying. Although this bill was introduced in 2004, it has not had a chance of passing until recently. The reasons for this is that society has changed with respect to the issues surrounding euthanasia. This paper will examine the arguments against euthanasia, and the arguments in favor of it, and make a conclusion about whether or not euthanasia should be legalized in Great Britain. Arguments against Euthanasia There is not a doubt that Christianity, as a religion, has profoundly influenced the debate surrounding the right to die. However, before Christianity was established, the practice was condoned, even honored. In Ancient Greece, one could apply to a tribunal for the right to die, and, if successful, would be given hemlock to ingest. The practice was even the subject of parties – the elderly and the infirm would ingest their poison at a banquet that honored their lives . This changed with the beginning of Christianity, and Christianity, as a religion, was the basis of outlawing the practice. Early Christian thinkers, such as St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Augustine were influential, describing euthanasia as a grave sin. The church continued to influence the debate, even during a period of time during the Renaissance and the Enlightenment of the 18th Century, in which the practices resurged, yet were kept in abeyance by the Church. 7 The Church’s reasoning on the rejection of euthanasia is that the act is inherently wrong. Therefore, because of the fundamental objection to the practice, the Church remains opposed, no matter how much good may come out of it.8   Christianity also believes that it is a sin because life is a gift from God, and, unless one is defending one’s own life, or defending others, life is not to be taken away.   According to this view, man is made in God’s image, so it is not for man to end his own life.9   This is not to say that the Church advocates for keeping someone alive by any means possible. In fact, the official Christian perspective on heroic measures to sustain life is that these measures should not be taken. Denying or withdrawing heroic measures is differentiated from euthanasia because one, euthanasia, is actively ending life and the other, denying heroic measures, is simply letting somebody die. Also, one is intended, and the other is unintended.10   Because the official Christian perspective on h eroic measures is clear, this principle would encompass â€Å"Do Not Resuscitate Orders† and removing patients from ventilators.11   Therefore, the official Christian stance on euthanasia is that it is forbidden. According to Lin (2003), another reason why the Church has taken this stance is because of the Sixth Commandment, which is â€Å"Thou Shalt Not Kill.†   This Commandment, in turn, is based on the view that only God has the power of life and death, and euthanasia effectively usurps this authority.12 St. Thomas Aquinas based his objections to the practice on this view, citing Deuteronomy 32:39, which states that God â€Å"will kill†¦and will make to live.†13 Hatzinikolaou (2003) bases his objections on the respect for the dying process. According to him, death is sacred and the last moments of a person’s life are the moments which should be respected.   It is during these moments, according to Hatzinikolaou (2003) that man has the chance to repent and prepare for his soul to be

Reflective Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Reflective Portfolio - Essay Example Therefore, an integration of reflective thinking and practice is a major strategy for enhancing their service to people with proper consideration of human qualities (Maharg, 2007; pg. 35). It is notable that reflective practice remains very cruel to the profession for lifelong learning ought to take place among legal professionals (Brockbank & Macgill, 2007; pg. 58). Several models for reflective practice have been recommended to escalate the peoples’ abilities to putting down critical information together during reflections. However, this paper shall discuss the Kolbs Cycle Model and its application in reflective practice (Maharg, 2007; pg. 37). Significance of Reflective Practice As already mentioned, the significance of reflective practice cannot be underestimated. The rationale for lifelong learning among people in the legal fraternity is crucial to their effective undertaking of diverse activities (Zubizarreta & Millis, 2009; pg. 57). The legal practitioners should develo p the abilities to transfer knowledge of fresh contexts and undesirable situations. The significance is also attached to their ability to apply their legal knowledge and experiences to totally differing scenarios (Clifford & Thorpe, 2007; pg. 28). The significance is also attached to making the legal practitioners have the ability to cope with their daily honest, ethical, and individual dilemmas. It is notable that these challenges are common in the legal practice. Therefore, it is of great significance that the legal trainees undergoing their practice also learn reflective practice (Zubizarreta & Millis, 2009; pg. 123). The training institutions require integrating the themes for reflective practice in their modules. They should also ensure that the assessment designs for learning... The significance of reflective practice cannot be underestimated. The rationale for lifelong learning among people in the legal fraternity is crucial to their effective undertaking of diverse activities (Zubizarreta & Millis, 2009; pg. 57). The legal practitioners should develop the abilities to transfer knowledge of fresh contexts and undesirable situations. The significance is also attached to their ability to apply their legal knowledge and experiences to totally differing scenarios (Clifford & Thorpe, 2007; pg. 28). The significance is also attached to making the legal practitioners have the ability to cope with their daily honest, ethical, and individual dilemmas. It is notable that these challenges are common in the legal practice. Therefore, it is of great significance that the legal trainees undergoing their practice also learn reflective practice. The training institutions require integrating the themes for reflective practice in their modules. They should also ensure that the assessment designs for learning lawyers’ takes into consideration the learning to become a reflective practitioner. Different experts have defined reflection as a form of intellectual information processing in the brain associated with critical thinking that people use to arrive at certain anticipated outcomes. Notably, people should just be reflective in all their life. This can be the ideal situation. Reflection is highly applicable to situations, circumstances, which are intricate, poorly structured that a solution may not be insight.

Is it the right decision Who has the reason The voices of the Heart or Research Paper

Is it the right decision Who has the reason The voices of the Heart or the Mind - Research Paper Example The book talks about the story of a young boy by the name of Santiago who sets out in search for treasure. Along the path that the boy chances upon, he encounters a number of people as well as feelings and emotions that he learns to inculcate within him. Finally, he realises that the riches or the ‘treasure’ that he was in search for lay in the experiences and the people that he encountered upon during the course of his journey. The boy learns to open his mind as well as his heart to a large number of things in the world and began to live life. There are a number of emotions that a man goes through during the course of his lifetime. Most of them are experienced because of the kind of company he keeps, which further help him make his decisions and understand himself better. In The Alchemist, Coelho talks about the way a man should open himself up to both his mind as well as the heart because no right decision can arrive from only one place. He writes, â€Å"May love be y our guide in every part of your life.† (Coelho, Paulo) Through these lines, Coelho has tried to suggest how love comes from the heart of a person, which is the truest and purest emotion that can arise. The heart is that part of a man that lets him feel and think at the same time. It helps a man to understand what going through a situation might be like. The heart is the very aspect of a man that helps him make decisions based on his feelings. When a man says, ‘straight from the heart’ then he means to say that whatever it is that he is talking about is coming from his feelings and not from his mind. The mind on the other hand is where the rational thought process of a man persists. Thus, whatever decisions a man takes from his mind, is bound to be rational and feelings and emotions are not supposed to get in the way of the same. A decision taken from the mind consists of a sense of pragmatism that removes all possibility of understanding and taking into mind the e motions of those that depend on another person. Coelho writes, â€Å"At a certain point in our lives, we lose control of what's happening to us, and our lives become controlled by fate. That's the world's greatest lie.† This very statement has been accounted for by the author as a notion coming from the mind of a person. It is the mind of a man that gives him reason to point wrongs and rights at everything that the individual might cross paths within during the course of his lifetime. Therefore, it is imperative for a man to be able to think with his heart and not just his mind. When we talk about the law and justice that must be given to each and everyone in society, we also must take into account their feelings. However, a man cannot go on depending upon his feelings because they might turn into negative vibes and cause havoc to the people around him. So it is important to gauge the mind of oneself and understand what lies within in order to then ask the heart for the right decision. Most people get an intuition or an inner feeling regarding a certain situation or circumstance that they might be caught up in. This feeling is the one that comes from the heart, however might not be the right thing to do sometimes. That is why it becomes vital to think straight from the mind in order to come up with the best possible

Critically compare and contrast the accounting methods, structure and Essay

Critically compare and contrast the accounting methods, structure and regulation of Greece with the UK. Include a detailed and critical analysis of both current - Essay Example Effective control systems are usually situation specific and tailored to the management of each organisation. The exercise of managerial choice and the interdependence of accounting systems and the environment are acknowledged". (Rayburn and Rayburn (1991, p. 57) U.K. follows common law whereas Greece follows codified law falling under British Commonwealth and continental Europe respectively. "Greek law is based on codified Roman law with the judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and administrative courts. Judicial independence is guaranteed under the constitution" (Greece Profile) Many countries' accounting practices are influenced by their respective income taxation rules ignoring any other broader objectives. (Nobes 1983, Purcel & Scott 1986) In the case of Government bureauracrats setting the accounting standards, they are unequivocal in fixed formats. ".Bureaucracies are more likely to want certainty to make assessment of taxes, adherence to regulatory rules, etc., easier to specify and enforce" (Robinson, Chris, Venieris, george 1996) Greek accounting is guided by its Corporate Law 2190/1920, accounting standards stipulated by the Ministry of National Economy, the interpretations issued by the National Accounting Standards Board (ESYL) and the Greek General Chart of Accounts approved by Presidential Decree 1123/80. In UK, the Companies Act 1985 as amended for EU Directives.lays down the stipulation for accounting methods. As per the Act, there should be disclosures that accounts are as per the standards of the Accounting Standards Board and urgent issues task force. Cash flow reporting in Greece Cash flow reporting as per IAS 7 became mandatory in 2002 for Greek listed companies which should submit the Cash Flow Statement (CFS) to HCMC though not required to be published as in the case of balance sheet and income statement. A recent study found that while non-listed firms do not voluntarily report CFS, the listed firms also do not comply with the mandatory requirement and make the CFS publicly available." The results indicate that Greek companies have cash flow problems but not profitability problems. The publication of a CFS may reveal that many listed companies in Greece are not as robust as the balance sheet and the income statement potentially indicates. Thus, the main conclusion of the paper is that publication of the CFS in Greece should become mandatory. The HCMC has made significant attempts to enforce corporate governance principles for listed companies in Greece. These principles implicitly highlight the desire of the regulatory authorities that investors receive adequate and relevant information. Could it be, however, that investors get relevant information when they do not have the essential inputs required to value a company"(Kousenidis V, Negakis L, Floropoulos) This practice of providing information on sources and application of funds was

The story of stuff Essay Example for Free

The story of stuff Essay Since the beginning of civilization, man has been working for sufficing his personal and community needs. What started as a need to survive has transformed into a vicious cycle of consuming the planet to sustain selfish desires. The movie â€Å"the story of stuff† is an excellent recreation of the actual happenings that have made people victims of their own desires. The movie very carefully first lays down the concept of the functioning of our natural resources that is to be known or rather shown to us from many years. Once the normal routine is shown, the movie takes us to a ride which explains every single facet right from natural resource extracted for production, then to distribution and later to consumption and disposal. The movie is very cleverly made and it leaves no stone unturned for the concept to reach to its viewer with the medium of simple animation. With excellent narration the movie reaches out and explains aspects that actually are not give much thought about for instance, when natural resources are send into toxin oozing factories in third world countries, the pollution which is left by the these factories not only affects the third world country but also the rich western country as currents take the pollution back to them. The movie also sheds light on issues such toxins being used in companies and later when the product for which it was used is all set to be disposed the toxins inside it become super toxins like dioxin which are very harmful for everything. It has been a known fact that the resources of this world are being used in large quantities, but the movie explains the part that not only it is being used in huge bilks but also the rate in which a product is being injected in the market and later disposed is awe striking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The movie does a fantastic job in reminding us that in the midst of all the luxury and infinite products to choose from we are self immolating ourselves as apart from the natural resources and the environment, we are polluting the word mankind itself. The concept of how a cheap product is actually made and has a low rate not only makes one think but also one starts feeling guilt as people from all around the world have to pay away with their lives their environment for a product to be cheaper than cheap. The movie leaves its viewer with a heart sunk feeling and just makes the viewer open his eyes to places he had closed for his own benefits. The ugly nexus of corporations and government is shown in such a way that makes one think, that can government for its own profits make corporations bigger while completing ignoring the hazard that is going to be caused by it. ‘The story of stuff’, is a remarkable film which in a very simplistic fashion explains the destruction happening and warns of a bigger destruction waiting at the corner. The movie inspires and makes its viewers think about investing in green chemistry and sustainability along with zero waste theory that would help people to live a life where they are more than just obnoxious consumers for greedy companies. The following stanza explains the need for a change to save the planet: ‘One of the keys to mainstreaming  environmental sustainability is by making it easy for people to do the right thing, rather than requiring an extra effort to chose the environmentally preferable option’ (Annie Leonard). Work Cited: 1) Annie Leonard, â€Å"The Ugly Side of the Beauty Industry†. http://www.storyofstuff.com/blog/

Vivienne westwoods philosophy and influences in contemporary design

Vivienne westwoods philosophy and influences in contemporary design Abstract The article is talking about one of Englands leading fashion designers, Vivienne Westwood. Who aslo has been one of Britains most consistently original, outrageous, eccentric and controversial designers. Today, she has evolved from an iconoclastic outsider to an internationally revered figure, with two British Designer of the Year awards, an OBE, her own successful fashion label and an unrivalled reputation for leading where other designers follow. Her lifestyle could scarcely be in greater contrast to the opulence which surrounds other leading designers.So in this article, it discuss about how did an awkward girl from a conventional and provincial background become one of world fashions most influential and respected designers and how her design influence on present day design culture. Vivienne Westwood, one of Englands leading fashion designers who maintaining a devotion to history as a key theme to her unique styles. She has these wisps of yellow-blond hair spill around her oval face, which has been plucked, painted and powdered into a perfect cameo. Her lips are a bright kiss-me red, while her walk is that of a slowly advancing, scepter-toting monarch. Vivienne Westwood, really is made of awesome with her funky and creative designs. She is respected throughout the industry and fashion world as a highly influential designer.Vivienne Westwoods early profileVivienne Westwoods story is featured. Westwood grew up in the village of Tintwistle and he worked as a teacher in North England in 1962. She also had a 13 year marriage with Malcolm McLaren in the 1970s that resulted in two sons. At the same time, artists like Chrissie Hynde and bands like the Sex Pistols were influenced by Vivienne Westwood who was the creator of punk rock music and style in the 70s.She inspire d the current British designers such as Christian Lacroix and John Galliano, was knighted the Order of the British Imperial Medal by the queen in 1992, and is presently married to the designer Andreas Kronthaler. Vivienne Westwood starts her fashion career in 1971 when she opened a small shop called Let It Rock at 430 Kings Road in Chelsea with Malcolm McLaren, a former art student six years her junior. They had met in 1965 when Ms. Westwood, already a young mother and separated from her first husband, was working as a primary school teacher. Their partnership, which also produced a child, would soon shake up British fashion.Mr. McLaren was the rebel, the agitator, the provocateur, while Ms. Westwood was his muse and model, already in 1971 she wore spiky peroxide with dyed hair, as well as a skilled craftsman. In its first version, 430 Kings Road became a 1950s nostalgia parlor with Teddy Boy, or Edwardian revival clothes, copied and sold as a kind of anti-hippie protest. And Ms. Westwood was the one doing the unpicking, copying and resolving.In 1973 the couple renamed the store Too Fast to Live Too Young to Die, this time in homage to James Dean and the rising motorcycle culture. Leather, st uds and buckles appeared alongside T-shirts with aggressive slogans. But this lasted barely 15 months.In April 1974 the store became SEX and was filled with sadomasochistic and pornographic references as well as clothes made of leather and rubber, including rubber-wear for the office.In 1975 the Sex Pistols, a rock group formed by Mr. McLaren, carried the punk movement beyond Chelsea, even beyond Britain. Wearing outrageous clothes and scandalizing the media with profanities, the Sex Pistols trumpeted Mr. McLarens anti-authoritarian message. Its first single, Anarchy in the U.K., was followed by an irreverent God Save the Queen, which was promptly banned by British radio. In 1977 SEX was renamed Seditionaries, but punk power began to wane. In 1979 Sid Vicious of the Sex Pistols died of a drug overdose, and the group was disbanded. In 1980 Seditionaries became Worlds End and when Mr. McLaren wanted to vacate it, Ms. Westwood held onto it. More crucially, for the first time she began designing her own clothes with what became known as the Pirates collection. This collection, her first to be presented on a catwalk, in 1981, was to prove a turning point, not only because it announced her interest in historicism, but also because within two years she would form her own company without Mr. McLaren. I decided that in order to understand the world I lived in, I should somehow enter it and exploit my own ideas and see how I could get on, she recalled in a recent interview at the Victoria and Albert. Vivienne Westwoods philosophyMs. Westwood rise herself as a fashion maverick comes from being both wildly inventive and perversely out of touch. But most of the people call her the queen of extreme. Her managing partner, Carlo DAmario said This is a woman whos an English eccentric. But he said it with a tone for unexplained phenomena. To imagine what that means, all you have to do is picture this quaint-looking lady attended the Dame Edna Show in 1989 with a flesh-tone tights and a glimmering green fig leaf. And her famous entrance into Buckingham Palace in 1992 to receive her Order of the British Empire from the Queen, when she obliged photographers with a triumphant twirl, there was hardly a living soul in Britain who didnt know that Ms. Westwood was 1 sans culottes under her whirling skirts.But that Ms. Westwood truly become the genuine iconoclasts at that period. Those style expresses the delirium and anarchy of their time. Now, at an age when many other designers are resting on their laurels, Ms. Westwood is taking on New York. Yesterday in SoHo, she opened her first store in the United States, a 7,000-square-foot emporium at 71 Greene Street, near Spring Street, that will sell her mens and womens collections, as well as more popular secondary lines. Ms. Westwoods personal style also appear on her design but more on a creative way. Her design contexts come from different elements. First main element is music, more clearly from punk music. The English Punk style began to gain attention when the Sex Pistols wore clothes from Ms. Westwood and McLarens shop. The punk style included 2 BDSM fashion, bondage gear, safety pins, razor blades, bicycle or lavatory chains on clothing and spiked dog collars for jewelry, as well as outrageous make-up and hair. These designs are definited as rebellion , anti form or sexy. In that very beginning of her career as a designer during the punk movement ,her designs become more substance than generally thought. Secondly, there is another essential design element in her which is the adoption of traditional elements of Scottish design such as tartan fabric. The tartan pattern is the main symbol of Scottish tradition clothing style. And Ms. Westwoods using of tartan is unparalleled, in her collections an d triumphed in Anglomania (A/W 1993) (Figure 1). Her fascination with Scottish traditions by using a mix of different tartans, her ensembles exploited the rich depth, colour and diversity of the traditional checked pattern. The tartans were made to order by Locharron of Scotland, who also created a special design for Westwood called the McAndreas, after her second husband, Andreas Kronthaler. Amongst the more unusual elements of her style is the use of historical 17th and 18th century cloth cutting principles, and reinterpreting these in, for instance, radical cutting lines to mens trousers. Use of these traditional elements make the overall effect of her designs more shocking. Other influential elements in Ms. Westwoods work have included Peru, the feminine figure, velvet and knitwear. Ms. Westwoods design has ranged from early punk garments to glamorous historical 5 evening gowns. She worked these together to revolutionize fashion and the impact is still strongly felt today. Now, Ms. West wood has five exclusively-owned shops; three in London, one in Leeds, and one in Milan. Franchise stores are located in Liverpool, Newcastle, Glasgow, three in Manchester and most recently, in FH Mall, Nottingham (20 March 2008), and in Blake Street, York (11 September 2008). Westwoods themes have included Savage (1981), Hobo and Buffalo (1982), and Pirate. Her latest collection was themed Gold and Treasure, Adventure and Exploration. So, if Ms. Westwood often comes across as a bit of a crank, it is easy to see why. Whereas most designers take a humble slice of the cultural pie, Ms. Westwood wallows in the whole glorious mess. She will refer to the Industrial Revolution, Greek skeptism, the Sex Pistols, the decline of standards in English art schools, Picasso, sex, John Stuart Mill in one sitting. Ive always needed to explain myself in more general terms rathe r than only through fashion, she said. Vivienne Westwoods influences on punk cultureVivienne Westwood was punk symbol in the angry 1970s , she was wearing clothes festooned with spikes and pins. Today everyone knows what punk fashion is, but in 1970 it didnt exist. Punk first emerged in the mid 1970s in London as an anarchic and aggressive movement. Punk become a succeeded style even more when Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren put the punk ideas into their design ventures. In the 1975, McLaren launched the Punk music group called Sex Pistols which became the icon beyond Britain. They were wearing outrageous clothes and all these clothes were come from the shop called Sex that Vivienne Westwood opened on the Kings Road, London. That shop sold leather and rubber fetish goods, especially bondage trousers. Including rubber-wear for the office. Ms. Westwood gave world the fresh shock at that time and that is why her name is associated with the punk movement. In Ms. Westwoods punk style design, BDSM fashion is also a main element. Before 1970s, BDSM fashion wasnt something you can show in public or feel good about it in Britain. But Ms. Westwood brought it into her punk design. In the early summer of 1974, Westwood and Mclaren decided to invent the shop Sex with a fetish and bondage outlet, inspired in part by their recent visit to New York. This trip had opened their eyes to the outsider status of sexual deviancy, which, now as then, has a far greater capacity to shock than youth cult. The shop Sex underwent a prolonged refit, and the fact that it was closed for months and reopened in September 1974, the transformation was total (Figure 2). Outside, the name `SEX was emblazoned in four-feet-high pink rubber capitals and sprayed with slogans from Valerie Solanas SCUM manifesto, as well as slogans and quotes from the drug addicted outsider pornographer Trocchi. And these design gave the information to public that everyone can enjoy their style with no shame. Even in today, it still influence on youth sub-cultural.Vivienne Westwoods influences on Scottish design styleScottish Style become wold knowing in fashion by Vivienne Westwood in 1990s. Before, Scottish culture is just famous by it s traditional instrument the Great Highland Bagpipe clothing, and the performers who are wearing 3 kilts. Ms. Westwood use this tartan pattern into her design with creativity. We can find it with all different shapes or colors through her collections. But she use the tartan in a complete new way, she will mix and match them , put great flash on them through Viviennes color and lining. Today, tartan become one of the main fashion style which called Preppy Look, has been wide using by many designers. But Ms. Westwood still the on who done more for tartan than any other designer embracing the plaid extensively in her collections. The Locharron Textile Mill in Scotland created a special tartan for Westwood called the McAndreas. (Figure 3) Vivienne Westwood mix fashion with sexualityMs. Westwoods collection Britain Must Go Pagan in 1989 was truly a show full of sexuality information. But she showed that is people privately decide what they want to do their sexuality so it is not erroneous to show it in fashion. Ms. Westwood explored a diversity of influences, from Serves porcelain to pornographic Greek scenes. The clothing reflected the inherent contradiction in Westwoods work between respect for tradition and culture and a love of parody and sexual liberty. She paired classical drapery with Prince of Wales check, Fair Isle sweaters with computer-game patterns, and designed articulated jackets and corsets with removable sleeves, inspired by medieval armour. Precise Miss Marple suits (after Agatha Christie) in thorn-proof Harris Tweed received a fillip with saucy tulle flounces. She teamed Savile Row-style jackets with nude tights with a fig leaf (Figure 4), creating something that shocked even herself: When I first did the fig leaf, in 1989, I just kept screaming. It was porno and so hilariously mad. Then I got used to it, and I think it looks so elegant and ironic. And she based this outrageous ensemble on fashion of around 1800 in which men wore flesh coloured breeches in a conscious emulation of classical statuary.Vivienne Westwood brings historical into modernHistorical 17th and 18th century are always Ms. Westwood s big element. She use these traditional elegant style dresses as the base , mix with her modern design to fit into todays lifestyle. In her interpretations of historical dress, Ms. Westwood emphasise the idea of constriction as a way to define the body and its movement and to direct posture. She explore historical costume and, from it, to develop a completely new range of clothes that would form her first catwalk collection in 1981. The Pirate collection (Figure 5) drew inspiration from historical mens clothing and became the look for the emergent New Romantics, while providing We stwood with a vastly expanded repertoire of styles of cutting and tailoring, construction, fabric design and manufacture, pattern, colour and texture. Later When Ms. Westwood was working in Italy from 1984 to 1986, she developed the crinoline idea as the Mini-Crini, abbreviating it as a provocative new shape in total contrast to the exaggerated shoulders and narrow hips of the prevailing style of power dressing. In Vivienne Westwoods Cut, Slash and Pull collection of 1991, (Figure 6) The inspiration for this collection lay in the historical technique of cutting textiles to create a decorative pattern. In the original garments, the slashes exposed bright silk underlinings, but here Westwood reveals bare skin. To give the passionate, masculine vitality that she so admired in Tudor portraits, she used denim with hand-cut gashes and frayed edges. For the lighter fabrics, she adapted a 4 broderie anglaise machine programme, omitting the embroidery but retaining the fine, regular cuts. To sum up, nothing is ever quite as it seems with British fashion designer Vivienne Westwood. She has eccentric personality, she is an icon of rebellion. And that make she become one of the highly influential designers today. Her design always stand out of other designer with its unique technic and style which head the world into Ms Westwoods fashion fantasyland.